High or total spinal anesthesia refers to the administration of local anesthetic agents at a level near the upper thoracic or cervical spine, resulting in a block of sensation and…

The rates of knee surgeries continue to rise globally [1]. Appropriate pain management is paramount to ensure the best possible patient outcomes, especially since orthopedic surgeries are associated with relatively…

Long Covid, also known as post-Covid condition, long-haul Covid, or post-acute Covid-19, is the continuation or development of new symptoms 3 months or more after the initial SARS-CoV-2 infection (the…

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors are a class of drugs that inhibit phosphodiesterase enzymes. These agents can be tailored against specific families of phosphodiesterase, which number 11 in total,1 or can non-specifically block…

Over the past few years, ownership of medical practices has increasingly shifted from physicians to corporations. Changes in ownership models raise questions about compliance with state laws that regulate the…

Mental disorders are highly debilitating conditions of the central nervous system and are among the leading causes of disability-adjusted life years worldwide. It is generally accepted that these disorders result…

Major depressive disorder is a serious psychiatric illness that results in functional impairment in many people. Many different treatments have been used through the years in an attempt to treat major…

Modern medicine is pushing away from opioid-based pain management through different innovative approaches. That being said, opioids are still sometimes necessary due to their potent effects. Both remifentanil and fentanyl,…

Since the start of the Covid-19 pandemic, the origin of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has remained the subject of intense scientific and political debate. A recent report presented to the World…