Cardiogenic shock is a critical condition that occurs when the heart suddenly cannot pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs. This severe form of cardiac failure is often triggered…

In the high-stakes environment of the operating room (OR), precision, communication, and teamwork are paramount. Among the various protocols implemented to ensure patient safety and surgical success, one common practice…

Post dural puncture headache (PDPH), also referred to as post lumbar puncture headache, is a frequent complication arising from diagnostic lumbar puncture. It can also occur after spinal anesthesia or,…

Total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) is a surgical procedure that aims to provide relief and improved function for patients with severe shoulder pathologies, such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or post-traumatic arthritis…

In fast-paced medical environments, quick and accurate diagnostic information can be critical for guiding treatment. Point-of-care testing (POCT) is a growing concept in healthcare, especially in the context of anesthesia…

High or total spinal anesthesia refers to the administration of local anesthetic agents at a level near the upper thoracic or cervical spine, resulting in a block of sensation and…

The rates of knee surgeries continue to rise globally [1]. Appropriate pain management is paramount to ensure the best possible patient outcomes, especially since orthopedic surgeries are associated with relatively…

Long Covid, also known as post-Covid condition, long-haul Covid, or post-acute Covid-19, is the continuation or development of new symptoms 3 months or more after the initial SARS-CoV-2 infection (the…

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors are a class of drugs that inhibit phosphodiesterase enzymes. These agents can be tailored against specific families of phosphodiesterase, which number 11 in total,1 or can non-specifically block…