In 1992, Medicare established a standardized payment scale called the Resource-based Relative Value Scale (RBRVS). While the system succeeded in standardizing rates, it also led to lower payments for some…

Over the past year, COVID-19’s global spread has continued, leaving no corners of the world untouched. An unprecedented danger, this coronavirus disease has led to more than 1.2 million deaths worldwide and shows no…

Cytokines are a broad class of cell signaling peptides that exist in the extracellular environment and affect the interactions between cells [1]. Several groups of cytokines, including interleukins and tumor necrosis factors, are known to trigger…

The COVID-19 pandemic has given school systems a formidable task: balancing the needs of children and their parents with the imperative to halt the spread of a highly contagious virus. Data…

Blood transfusions (BT), autologous or allogeneic, have been the common therapeutic intervention for treating perioperative anemia and surgical blood loss. In the case of allogeneic blood transfusion, there are a…

In recent years, the use of computers and machines in surgery has gained widespread attention and adoption. Some of the benefits include increased accuracy, decreased duration, and minimized invasiveness. As…

An N95 respirator is a respiratory protective device designed to achieve a very close facial fit and very efficient filtration of airborne particles. The ‘N95’ designation means that when subjected…

The incidence and prevalence of liver disease (particularly alcoholic liver disease and hepatitis C) is increasing in the developed world. In the UK, in 2006, 4450 people died from alcoholic…

Anesthesia providers, and medical professionals in general, often care for patients who have preexisting chronic conditions such as hypertension, high cholesterol or a history of cancer. These patients may be at higher risk for complications, or may be using…